| 李晓龙1, 马 军1, 褚燕南1, 岳海英1, 王 芳2, 岳芬芬3, 刘 婷3,李 元3, 王 媛3, 吴 昊4, 贾永华1*, 田建文5*.果园生草条件下苹果病虫害发生特征[J].植物保护,2024,50(6):183-199. |
| 果园生草条件下苹果病虫害发生特征 |
| Characteristics of pests and diseases in apple orchard intercropped with grass |
| 投稿时间：2023-12-08 修订日期：2024-03-01 |
| DOI：10.16688/j.zwbh.2023636 |
| 中文关键词: 果园生草 苹果 功能草种 生长发育 产量品质 病虫害 获益评价 |
| 英文关键词:orchard grass apple functional grass species growth and development yield and quality diseases and pests benefit evaluation |
| 基金项目:宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划（2021BBF02014,2022BBF02035）；宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金（2023AAC03430）；农业部现代苹果产业技术体系银川苹果综合试验站（cars-27）；宁夏农林科学院“十四五”农业高质量发展和生态保护科技创新示范项目（NGSB-2021-1-01）；中央财政林业科技推广示范资助项目（2023ZY06） |
| 作者 | 单位 | E-mail | | 李晓龙1, 马 军1, 褚燕南1, 岳海英1, 王 芳2, 岳芬芬3, 刘 婷3,李 元3, 王 媛3, 吴 昊4, 贾永华1*, 田建文5* | 1. 宁夏农林科学院园艺研究所, 银川 750001
2. 宁夏农产品质量标准与检测技术研究所, 银川 750001
3.宁夏回族自治区中卫市沙坡头区林业技术推广服务中心, 中卫 755000
4. 宁夏回族自治区农业综合开发中心, 银川 750001
5. 宁夏农林科学院, 银川 750001 | 贾永华529843423@qq.com;田建文572865067@qq.com |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为明确宁夏引黄灌区果园优势功能草种类型并进行获益评价,选用黑麦草Lolium perenne、苜蓿Medicago sativa、高羊茅Festuca arundinacea、长柔毛野豌豆Vicia villosa等4种具备潜在绿肥功能的草种以及自然生草进行果园行间长期生草处理,以清耕模式为对照,对生草试验3年后不同功能草种条件下的果树生长发育及主要病虫害发生状况进行调查,解析不同生草品种条件对果园苹果生长发育、产量品质、病虫害发生情况的综合影响。不同草种生草对苹果生长发育及病虫害的影响不同,即人工播种长柔毛野豌豆、高羊茅、黑麦草及自然生草均可促进果树生育与果实产量品质的提升,减少蚜虫、叶螨发生量,增加瓢虫、草蛉的种群数量。人工播种苜蓿则会显著抑制果树的生育,并使斑点落叶病发生率提高37.62%。果树生长发育与病虫害及天敌发生量的相关性分析表明,果树短枝率与捕食性天敌瓢虫发生量呈显著正相关 (R2=0.72),单株产量与捕食性天敌瓢虫 (R2=0.64) 及草蛉 (R2=0.57) 发生量呈显著正相关,与叶螨、蚜虫、早期落叶病发生量呈显著负相关 (0.46＜R2＜0.77);此外,捕食性天敌草蛉与瓢虫发生量呈显著正相关,瓢虫与叶螨及蚜虫发生量呈显著负相关 (R2＞0.62)。综上，果园行间播种长柔毛野豌豆能促进果树生长发育，减少病虫害发生,即果树的获益程度最高,具体表现为(相较于清耕):促进果树生长发育方面,可使短枝率提高15.91%,单果重提高12.62%,可溶性固形物含量提高5.95%,可溶性糖含量提高10.54%,可滴定酸含量降低21.43%,使蚜虫发生量降低36.10%，叶螨发生量降低22.46%,可作为宁夏引黄灌区果园的优势功能草种。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| To identify the dominant functional grasses in orchards in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia and evaluate their benefits, four potential green manure grasses, ryegrass (Lolium perenne), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and long-pilose wild pea (Vicia villosa) as along with natural grass were selected to studied their effect on the growth and development of fruit trees and the occurrence of main pests and diseases, the quality of yield, and the incidence of pests and diseases under these different grass types for three years, using clear tillage as control. The study found that different grass species had varying effects on apple growth, development, pests, and diseases. Specifically: artificial sowing of villous wild pea, tall fescue, ryegrass, and natural grasses promoted fruit tree fertility and improved fruit yield quality, reduced the occurrence of aphids and leaf mites, increased the populations of ladybug beetles and lacewings; in contrast, artificial seeding of alfalfa significantly inhibited fruit tree fertility and increased the incidence of spotted leaf disease by 37.62%. Correlation analysis between fruit tree growth and occurrence of diseases/pests and natural enemy showed that the short branching rate of fruit trees was significantly positively correlated with the occurrence of ladybug beetles (R2=0.72); single-plant yield was significantly positively correlated with the occurrence of ladybug beetles (R2=0.64) and lacewings (R2=0.57), and significantly negatively correlated with leaf mites, aphids, and early defoliation disease (0.46＜R2<0.77); lacewings occurrence were significantly positively correlated with the occurrence of ladybug beetles, while ladybug beetles were significantly negatively correlated with the occurrence of leaf mites and aphids (R2＞0.62). Overall, villous wild pea seeding between orchard rows showed the strongest beneficial effects compared to other grasses. Specifically: increased short-branching rate by 15.91%; increased single fruit weight by 12.62%; increased soluble solids by 5.95%; increased soluble sugars by 10.54%; decreased titratable acid by 21.43%; decreased aphid incidence by 36.10%, and decreased leaf mite incidence by 22.46%. It is an advantageous functional grass species that can be promoted and adopted in the Ningxia irrigation area. |
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